![]() Such advances motivate revisiting the Compton effects and its variants using a quantum-optical modeling of the driving field. Experiments now create light states of nonclassical photon statistics with ever-increasing intensities. ![]() Recent experimental advances have started to break the conception of seeing intense light as necessarily classical ( 16, 17). In this case, the Compton emission only very weakly depends on the photon statistics of the driving field, which is consistent with the analysis in ( 15). When the driving field intensity is low (small number of photons), Compton scattering is in its linear regime, where only a single photon is absorbed for each emitted photon. The reason that light with nonclassical photon statistics has not been considered is the long-held conception of seeing intense (many-photon) light as classical, with the quantum description being relevant only when the number of photons is small. No substantial corrections due to the quantum-optical nature of electromagnetic fields have been predicted. So far, all works on Compton-type effects, both theory and experiment, could consider the driving field as classical. A later experiment presented the first observation of NCS from an ultrarelativistic 46.6-GeV electron beam, relying on a laser intensity of 10 18 W/cm 2 ( 13, 14). Experimentally, the low-energy limit of NCS was first detected via a second harmonic emission by a 1-keV electron beam interacting with a laser with an intensity of 1.7 × 10 14 W/cm 2 ( 12). Theoretically, it was first studied in ( 7, 8) for a monochromatic driving plane-wave field and later generalized in ( 9, 10) for driving fields with finite spatial and temporal extensions, which model laser pulses more accurately. NCS was studied extensively both theoretically and experimentally. ![]() This process is called nonlinear Compton scattering (NCS). When increasing the intensity of its driving field, the Compton effect transitions into its nonlinear regime, wherein multiple photons are absorbed and converted into higher-energy photons. Compton scattering has a wide variety of applications, ranging from clinical as in radiobiology and radiation therapy ( 1) to photonuclear reactions in nuclear physics ( 2) and even electron-positron pair production in areas of high-energy physics ( 3). Its most fundamental form is referred to as Compton scattering, also known as Thomson scattering in its low-energy regime. The scattering of light by free charged particles lies at the heart of light-matter interactions. We envision quantum light properties such as squeezing and entanglement as degrees of freedom to control various radiation phenomena. We obtain analytical results for the Compton emission spectrum when driven by intense thermal and squeezed vacuum states, showing noticeably broader emission spectra relative to a classical drive, thus reaching higher emission frequencies for the same average intensity. We develop a framework to describe the nonperturbative interaction of a charged particle with driving fields of an arbitrary quantum light state. Motivated by advances in the generation of squeezed light with high intensity, we consider driving the Compton effect with nonclassical light. So far, in all theory and experiments, the observables of Compton scattering and its generalizations could be described by treating the driving electromagnetic field classically. Inverse Compton scattering can create attosecond x-ray pulses by high-intensity lasers driving free electrons. ![]() Compton scattering is a cornerstone of quantum physics, describing the fundamental electron-photon interaction. ![]()
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